> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://hub.bsvblockchain.org/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://hub.bsvblockchain.org/higher-learning/bsv-academy/bitcoin-as-historical-phenomenon-1/bitcoin-facing-states-regulatory-tensions-and-co-optation-strategies/phase-of-institutional-appropriation.md).

# Phase of Institutional Appropriation

In certain contexts, some states have taken a step further: not only do they regulate Bitcoin, but they integrate or adapt it for their own strategic purposes.

* El Salvador declared it legal tender in 2021, using it as part of its economic policy.
* Countries like Venezuela, Iran, or Nigeria have explored its use to circumvent sanctions or face internal monetary crises.
* Some nations have promoted the development of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), inspired by blockchain technical principles, but maintaining central control.

This phase reveals a paradox: Bitcoin, created as a response to abuses of the state monetary system, begins to be adopted—or imitated—by states themselves.

BSV contrasts this by prioritizing practical applications like micropayments, without the need for state control.


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